On July 28, 2022, the African Union (AU) released its long-awaited African Union Data Policy Framework (DPF), which strives to advance the use of data for development and innovation, while safeguarding the interests of African countries. The DPF’s vision is to unlock the potential of data for the benefit of Africans, to “improve people’s lives, safeguard collective interests, protect (digital) rights and drive equitable socio-economic development.” One of the key mechanisms that the DPF seeks to leverage to achieve this vision is the harmonization of member states’ digital data governance systems to create a single digital market for Africa. It identifies a range of focus areas that would greatly benefit from harmonization, including data governance, personal information protection, e-commerce, and cybersecurity.
In order to promote cohesion and harmonization of data-related regulations across Africa, the DPF recommends leveraging existing regional institutions and associations that are already in existence to create unified policy frameworks for their member states. In particular, the framework emphasizes the role of Africa’s eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs) to harmonize data policies and serve as a strong pillar for digital development by drafting model laws, supporting capacity building, and engaging in continental policy formulation.
This report provides an overview of these regional and continental initiatives, seeking to better clarify the state of data protection harmonization in Africa and to educate practitioners about future harmonization efforts through the RECs. Section 1 begins by providing a brief history of policy harmonization in Africa before introducing the RECs and explaining their connection to digital regulation. Section 2 dives into the four regional data protection frameworks created by some of the RECs and identifies key similarities and differences between the instruments. Finally, Section 3 of the report analyzes regional developments in the context of the Malabo Convention through a comparative and critical analysis and, lastly, provides a roadmap for understanding future harmonization trends. It concludes that while policy harmonization remains a key imperative in the continent, divergences and practical limitations exist in the current legal frameworks of member states.